01
kW, MW, kVA and power factor
kW and MW describe real power doing useful work. kVA describes apparent power and becomes important for generators, transformers, inverters and electrical equipment. Power factor links the two and affects the current and equipment capacity required for a given real load.
02
kWh, MWh and duration
kWh and MWh describe energy over time. A 1 MW load operating for one hour consumes 1 MWh. For batteries, power rating describes how much can be delivered at once while energy capacity helps define how long that output can continue.
03
Peak demand, average demand and load factor
Peak demand is the highest relevant load over the chosen interval. Average demand is lower and supports energy calculations. Load factor compares average demand with peak demand and helps show how intensively installed capacity is used.
04
Firm capacity, reserve and redundancy
Firm capacity is the capacity expected to remain available under the stated reliability basis. Reserve is additional capability held for contingencies or maintenance. Redundancy describes duplicated capacity or paths used to reduce the impact of a single failure.
05
BESS, state of charge and dispatch
BESS means battery energy storage system. State of charge describes the energy currently available relative to the operating range. Dispatch is the control decision that determines when generation, solar, storage or grid supply serves the load.
06
CAPEX, OPEX and delivered energy cost
CAPEX is the capital required to develop and build the asset. OPEX covers operating and maintenance expenditure. Delivered energy cost depends on both fixed and variable costs, utilisation, fuel or purchased energy, losses, availability and the commercial structure.